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SOCIAL MEDIA


  • In-text citations: Narrative citation - Name (Date); Parenthetical citation - (Name, Date).
  • Titles of videos, profiles, posts, and pages should be italicized.

  _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TikTok video (also applies to Instagram and X)

Ramsay, G. [@gordonramsayofficial]. (2023, June 8). Let’s make some #Spicy #ChickenWing Lollipops! #tiktokcooks [Video].
             TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@gordonramsayofficial/video/7242368909800754459

  • Provide the name of the author or group author.
  • Provide the TikTok username (start with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
  • Provide the date of the post.
  • Provide the first 20 words of the caption as the title. Count a link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Replicate emojis if possible.
  • Provide the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title.
  • Include TikTok in the source element and then provide the URL of the video.

TikTok profile (also applies to Instagram and X)

Ramsay, G. [@gordonramsayofficial]. (n.d.). I cook sometimes too..... [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved August 27, 2023,
            from https://www.tiktok.com/@gordonramsayofficial

  • A TikTok page does not have a “Home” or other tabs. For the title in the reference, use the first 20 words of the
                  description. Include the notation “[TikTok profile]” in square brackets.
  • Profile pages do not have a dated; use "n.d." in the date field.
  • For a profile page that has no description in the bio, provide the bracketed description “[TikTok profile]” in the title field of the reference.
  • Include a retrieval date, since TikTok profiles are dynamic and not archived.
  • End with the URL.  

Facebook post (can be adapted to LinkedIn posts)

Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious risk during Bangladesh’s monsoon season.
             My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook.
             http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD

  • If a status update includes images, videos, thumbnail links to outside sources, or content from another Facebook post (such as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets.
  • Replicate emojis if possible.

Facebook page (can be adapted to profile pages for YouTube, LinkedIn, etc.)

Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook.
             Retrieved July 22, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/nationalzoo

  • Use the page title in the reference (e.g., “Timeline,” “Home,” “Photos,” “About”).
  • Include the notation “Facebook page” in square brackets.
  • Include a retrieval date, since Facebook profiles are dynamic and not archived.


Please note that some social media communication are intended to be private, so it may not always be appropriate to include direct citations from them in academic or formal research. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.

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